ANNOUNCER: MAJOR FUNDING FOR "THE WOODWRIGHT'S SHOP" IS PROVIDED BY... [WIND BLOWING] [BIRD SQUAWKS] [THUNDER] [CAR ALARM BLARING] DIFFERENT ANNOUNCER: WHEN THE UNEXPECTED HAPPENS, STATE FARM HAS THE TOOLS TO GET YOU TO A BETTER STATE, PROUD SPONSOR OF "THE WOODWRIGHT'S SHOP."

[CAR HORNS HONKING] [OLD-TIME MUSIC PLAYING] [SCRAPING] HEY, WELCOME BACK TO "THE WOODWRIGHT'S SHOP."

I AM ROY UNDERHILL, SO GLAD YOU CAN BE WITH ME AGAIN TODAY, AH, AND I SMELL THE SMELL OF... [SNIFF SNIFF] STEAMING WHITE OAK AND, AH, THE SCENT OF--OF HONEST LABOR.

AH, IT CAN ONLY BE, ELIA BIZZARRI IS HERE BECAUSE HE'S GOT ME CARRYING IN HIS FIREWOOD FOR HIM.

HEY, ELIA.

AT LEAST YOU GOT A GOOD FIREWOOD CARRIER TO CARRY IT IN WITH.

I DO.

THIS IS GREAT, AND THIS IS WHAT YOU'RE GONNA HAVE US MAKE HERE.

YEAH.

YEAH.

IT'S A FUN, LITTLE PROJECT.

I'M GONNA UNLOAD.

IT'S A GOOD INTRODUCTION TO THE JOINERY THAT'S USED IN A LOT OF DIFFERENT KINDS OF WORK-- WINDSOR CHAIRS, RAKES, AND PITCHFORKS, LOT OF DIFFERENT THINGS.

WELL, THIS IS IT.

LET'S TAKE A LOOK AT THIS THING AND THEN, UH, TAKE A DEEPER LOOK AT WHAT YOU JUST SAID... ALL RIGHT.

BECAUSE ELIA IS ONE OF THE GREAT CHAIR MAKERS IN THE COUNTRY.

WELL, I APPRECIATE THAT.

WELL, YOU ARE, UH, AND YOU STUDIED, UH, WITH A LOT OF FOLKS, AMONG WHICH WAS, UH, DAVE SAWYER-- IS THAT RIGHT?-- AND THIS WAS HIS-- YEAH.

DAVE SAWYER CAME UP WITH THIS HIS DESIGN.

A LONG TIME AGO, UH, AND DAVE SAWYER IS A CHAIR MAKER IN VERMONT, AND HE'S A GOOD FRIEND OF MINE, AND-- AH, THAT'S GREAT.

YEAH.

IN HIS HONOR, THEN-- YEAH.

IN DAVE--DAVE SAWYER'S HONOR, THEN, WE'LL WORK ON THIS, UH, AND, AGAIN, A GREAT INTRODUCTION.

YOU AND I--I'M GONNA SHOW THESE, UH, RAKES AND PITCHFORKS HERE.

BOTH ELIA AND I STARTED OUT MAKING-- UH, HERE'S YOUR WOODEN RAKE AND ONE OF MY PITCHFORKS.

I STARTED OUT MAKING, UH, WOODEN RAKES AND PITCHFORKS, SO, AGAIN, YOU SEE THE BENTWOOD, THE--THE SPLITTING APART AND, UH, STEAMING HERE, AND, AGAIN, UH, BENTWOOD AND SPLIT APART SO THE GRAIN IS INTACT ALL THE WAY THROUGH HERE, AND THAT'S THE SAME THING WE HAVE HERE AGAIN, UH, THAT, UH, ALL INTACT.

THIS IS ALL ONE PIECE HERE.

ALL ONE PIECE BENT BACK OF WHITE OAK, UM, AND THIS IS THE JOINERY THAT'S IN ONE OF MY CHAIRS, SO BENT, STEAM BENDS... YEAH.

LET'S LOOK AT THAT.

UM, AND THEN MORTISE AND-- ROUND MORTISE AND TENON JOINTS, SO THIS IS THE SAME SORT OF JOINT RIGHT HERE THAT'S ON THE CENTER SPINDLE, UM, AND--AND ROUND STRETCHER JOINTS HERE JUST LIKE DOWN AT THE UNDERCARRIAGE OF THE--OF THE CHAIR DOWN THERE.

SO IF YOU CAN MAKE THIS, REFINE YOUR SKILLS A BIT, AND--AND YOU CAN MAKE CHAIRS LIKE THIS, WHICH IS--UH, THIS IS ONE YOU MAKE.

THAT--YEAH.

THAT'S ONE I MADE A COUPLE YEARS AGO.

BUT IT STARTS OUT LIKE THIS.

OK. OK. WELL, LET'S GET GO-- NOW, SO WE-- THIS IS A GOOD START FOR A BURGEONING, UH, WOODWORKER.

WHERE DO WE START MAKING THIS NOW?

WELL, GOOD PLACE TO START WOULD BE TO WORK ON THAT BACK, SO TO SPLIT IT OUT OF A--OUT OF A LOG AND THEN START SHAVING ON IT.

ALL RIGHT, AND YOU GOT SOME WOOD HERE TO GO?

YEAH.

YEAH.

THIS IS SOME FRESH WHITE OAK, UM, THAT I SPLIT UP INTO A SMALLER PIECE, AND WE NEED TO SPLIT IT, I THINK, ONE MORE TIME, UM, SO IT'S STILL WET, GREEN.

LET ME START IT FROM THIS END.

YOU ALWAYS WANT TO START SPLITTING FROM THE SMALLER END SO YOU HAVE A BIGGER TARGET DOWN THE OTHER END.

I LIKE THAT PLAN, UH, AND YOU SAY WHITE OAK HERE.

THIS COULD BE ASH OR HICKORY.

HICKORY OR ANY GREEN, POROUS WOOD, AND, YOU KNOW, HECK, TRY WHAT YOU GOT.

UH, IT'S NOT THE MOST DRASTIC BEND, AND YOU CAN MAKE THE PARTS THINNER.

UM, YOU'RE JUST TRYING TO BALANCE HAVING THE PARTS THIN ENOUGH TO BEND, BUT NOT SO THIN THAT YOU CAN'T CARRY FIREWOOD WITH IT, SO WHAT I'M TRYING TO DO IS GET THIS FROE CENTERED ON THE END, SO THIS IS THE MOST CRITICAL PART, IS, IF YOU GET IT CENTERED... START RIGHT.

YEAH.

THEN THE CRACK'LL RUN STRAIGHT.

BECAUSE YOU'VE GOT AN EVEN DIVISION BETWEEN THE TWO PARTS RIGHT HERE, AND THIS IS A FROE, OF COURSE, AND A MAUL, SO YOU PULL THE FROE.

ARE YOU READY?

YEAH, AND I'LL JUST ROTATE AROUND HERE.

YOU DON'T NEED A BRAKE FOR SOMETHING AS THIN AS THIS-- CAREFUL WITH YOUR FINGERS-- ALL RIGHT.

SO ANY KIND OF WORK-HOLDING DEVICE, YOU CAN JUST WORK IT DOWN RIGHT LIKE THAT.

IT SEEMS TO BE RUNNING PRETTY STRAIGHT.

ALL RIGHT, AND IF IT RUNS OFF, YOU BEND THAT, UH, THICKER SIDE MORE.

YEAH.

YOU STRESS THE--THE FIBERS ON THE THICKER SIDE THERE, UM, TO TRY AND GET THE CRACK TO RUN TO THE CENTER, BUT THIS IS, YOU KNOW-- IF YOU GET IT CENTERED RIGHT THE FIRST TIME UP AT THE TOP, IT'LL JUST RUN DOWN RIGHT LIKE THAT.

THAT'S GREAT.

NICE PIECE OF WOOD.

AND THIS, OF COURSE, CAPTURES THE-- NOT ONLY ARE YOU-- I LOVE THIS BECAUSE YOU EXPLOIT THE WEAKNESS IN THE WOOD TO DIVIDE IT UP, BUT YOU CAPTURED THE STRENGTH WITHIN THE REMAINING PIECE.

THAT'S RIGHT.

BOI-OI-OING.

YEAH.

THIS IS GREAT.

ALL RIGHT.

WE'LL CONTINUE TO DO THAT OVER THE SHAVING HORSE HERE... ALL RIGHT.

OH, REALLY?

OK.

SO THE NEXT THING TO DO IS TO START-- START SHAVING ON IT.

YEAH.

THIS IS WHERE, UH, YOU GET QUITE PRECISE IN YOUR WORK BECAUSE THIS THING LOOKS FUNKY, BUT YOU REALLY GOT TO HAVE AN EYE FOR-- UH, IT'S A DIFFERENT KIND OF PRECISION, TOO.

YEAH.

IT'S NOT THE PRECISION OF STRAIGHT LINES.

IT'S THE PRECISION OF FOLLOWING THE WAY THE TREE GREW.

FOLLOWING THE GRAIN, RIGHT...

SO YOU REALLY GOT TO GO WITH THE GRAIN.

AND SO WHAT I'M GONNA DO IS, I'M GONNA START CUTTING HERE, AND YOU CAN SEE I'VE DUG DOWN A LITTLE BIT RIGHT THERE, AND I'M STARTING TO TEAR RIGHT HERE, SO THAT'S GOOD-- THAT'S GOOD INFORMATION.

UM, I'M CUTTING UPHILL HERE, SO WHAT I WANT TO DO IS KEEP CUTTING WHEREVER IT'S TEARING UNTIL I GET THE STRAIGHT WOOD FIBERS.

I'M NOT TEARING ANYMORE, SO NOW IT'S STRAIGHT THERE, AND I'M TEARING HERE, SO I'LL JUST-- YOU WANT ONE LAYER OF CELLS THERE.

RIGHT.

I'VE GOT ONE LONG WOOD FIBER RUNNING ALL THE WAY DOWN HERE, BUT THEN IT DIVES UP UNDERNEATH THESE FIBERS RIGHT HERE, SO I'M GONNA START CUTTING THERE AND JUST PULL THAT SECTION OF AND I LOVE T-- END GRAIN UP.

WELL, THAT DOESN'T MAKE ANY SENSE.

YEAH.

THERE'S A CURVE.

THERE'S A NATURAL CURVE RIGHT IN HERE, BUT YOU FOLLOW IT RIGHT THROUGH THERE AND LEAVE THAT IN THE FINISHED ITEM.

RIGHT, SO THERE WAS PROBABLY A KNOT UP HERE THAT THE GRAIN IS FLOWING AROUND, UM, ALL RIGHT.

IN THE LOG.

YEAH.

GO WITH THE-- GO WITH THE FLOW, MAN.

YES.

GO WITH THE FLOW.

HA HA!

OK.

UH, YOU'RE USING THE, UH-- I LOVE THAT YOU STARTED OUT, AGAIN, USING THE, UH, FOOT-OPERATED VISE, THE SHAVING HORSE, AND, UH-- YEAH.

YEAH.

WORKS.

IT'S LIKE, UH, BUTTER AND BREAD FOR THIS KIND OF THING.

IT WORKS REALLY WELL.

YEAH.

YOU'VE GOT-- PUTS HIS FOOT DOWN THERE.

THE HARDER HE PULLS BACK, THE MORE IT PUSHES HIS FOOT AGAINST IT AND GRIPS.

WE'LL FLIP IT END FOR END HERE, OOPS, AND KNOCK EVERYTHING OVER... ALL RIGHT.

THAT WAS--YEP.

AND THEN START BACK WHERE I LEFT OFF GOING THE OTHER WAY, WORK DOWN THE OTHER DIRECTION.

BUT, UH, YOU'VE GOT A INTERESTING, UH, TECHNIQUE-- COULD YOU SLOW IT DOWN A LITTLE BIT?-- YEAH.

THAT YOU DO, AND-- AND IT'S THAT ANGLE AND THE PULL.

RIGHT, SO I--I LIKE TO SKEW AND SLICE.

THE SKEWING IS WHEN YOU ROTATE THE DRAW KNIFE THIS WAY AND THEN PULL IT STRAIGHT TOWARDS YOU, UH-HUH.

AND THAT GIVES A LOWER ANGLE OF ATTACK AND MAKES IT EASIER TO PULL IT, AND THEN SLICING IS WHEN YOU MOVE IT LEFT TO RIGHT HUH.

LIKE THAT, UM, AND IT ALSO MAKES IT EASIER TO CUT, SO YOU CAN DO BOTH OF THEM AT THE SAME TIME RIGHT LIKE THAT.

I'VE SKEWED IT AND SLICED IT.

THEN YOU PULL IT TOWARDS YOURSELF RIGHT LIKE THAT.

NOT JUST, UH-- ALL RIGHT.

THE ONLY THING YOU REALLY HAVE TO BE CAREFUL ABOUT IS--IS NOT TO PULL BACK TOO FAR BECAUSE THAT'S-- RIGHT.

THAT HAPPENED TO...

BOTH: MY HALF-BROTHER.

HA HA HA!

HA HA HA!

YEAH.

THAT--THAT, UH, WAY, THOUGH, YOU CAN KEEP-- KEEP ON WORKING, SO YOU JUST, UH, KEEP THINNING IT DOWN, YEAH.

SO YOU WANT THE STRENGTH THAT YOU'LL BE ABLE TO, UM, MAKE--BECAUSE THIS IS WHAT WE'RE MAKING HERE, SO YOU GET IT DOWN THIN ENOUGH TO WHERE YOU HAVE A PIECE TO SAW INTO THE TWO, UH, DIVIDED PARTS RIGHT HERE, UH, BUT THEN ANOTHER PLACE WITH THE HANDLE DOWN.

ALL RIGHT, SO NOW ON THE EDGE GRAIN.

I'LL NOW WORK ON THE EDGE GRAIN, SO BASICALLY WHAT I'M TRYING TO DO IS SQUARE TWO CORNERS, TWO FACES, MM-HMM.

UM, AND GET THOSE TO BE MY REFERENCE SURFACE SO THAT THEN I CAN MARK FROM THOSE TWO FACES, SO THIS IS BASIC TO MOST, UH, WORKING WITH GREEN WOOD, EVEN WITH HAND PLANES OR WITH DRAWKNIFE OR WHATEVER.

YOU CREATE TWO REFERENCE SURFACES AND MARK FROM THOSE.

AND THEN GAUGE OVER FROM--FROM THAT WITH WHATEVER GAUGE YOU USE.

SO JOINERY AND, I GUESS, DRY WOOD, TOO, WORKS THIS WAY, TOO, DOESN'T IT?

YEAH.

OH, YEAH.

SURE, YEAH.

AND, UH-- UH, BUT, EVEN IF IT'S YOUR EYE, YOU STILL WANT TO GET THESE TWO REFERENCE FACES THAT ARE GOING WITH THE GRAIN.

HE'S REALLY, REALLY WORKING DOWN, AND YOU WON'T SEE A RULER DURING THIS WHOLE THING-- THAT'S RIGHT.

HA HA HA!-- EXCEPT-- EXCEPT FOR THIS.

HERE'S ONE ON THE GAUGE, BUT YOU WON'T USE THAT RIGHT.

AS A--AS A RULER.

SO MY FINISHED TENON SIZE IS 5/8 OF AN INCH, SO--I'M SORRY, HALF-INCH-- SO I'VE SET THE GAUGE TO 5/8 TO GIVE ME A LITTLE ROOM FOR, UM, SHRINKAGE BECAUSE THIS IS VERY WET WOOD AND IT'LL SHRINK QUITE A BIT, UM, AND THEN ALSO FOR, UH, CUTTING THE TENONS, SO YOU WANT A LITTLE WOOD TO TAKE OFF TO CUT THE TENONS, SO THAT'S THAT DIRECTION, AND YOU CAN RESET THIS THING TO-- I DON'T KNOW-- INCH AND 3/16 OR THEREABOUT.

ALL WE NEED IS A LINE-- WE DON'T CARE WHERE IT IS-- IT'S JUST ARBITRARY.

YEAH.

ALL RIGHT.

AND RUN IT DOWN RIGHT LIKE THAT.

YEAH.

NOW, YOU SAID THIS IS DEAD GREEN.

UH, DOES THAT HELP IT WITH THE BENDING AND-- AND THE STEAMING THAT WE'RE GONNA DO?

BECAUSE IT'S GONNA BE IN A STREAMER AND GET VERY, VERY HOT.

IT NEEDS BOTH MOISTURE AND HEAT TO BEND WOOD, UM, SO, UM, YOU CAN BEND KILN-DRIED WOOD, BUT IT DOESN'T BEND VERY WELL, UM, ESPECIALLY FOR TIGHT BENDS LIKE THIS... OH.

UH, SO YOU CAN REALLY SPLIT A WHOLE LOT OF WOOD OFF IN A HURRY.

YOU DIG DOWN TO YOUR LINE AND JUST SPLIT.

IT'S INTERESTING, SO YOU HAVE NOT IMPOSED THE MEASUREMENT ON IT.

YOU'RE REALLY FINDING WHAT'S ALREADY-- THAT LAYER THAT'S ALREADY IN THE WOOD.

RIGHT, SO I--IF I GOT MY FIRST SIDE PARALLEL WITH THE LONG WOOD FIBERS, THEN ON THE SECOND SIDE, IT'LL ALSO BE PARALLEL WITH THE LONG WOOD FIBERS, SO I CAN JUST GET DOWN TO MY LINE AND FOLLOW THOSE-- THOSE FIBERS THERE, AND NOW THAT I'VE DUG DOWN TO THAT LINE, I CAN JUST PUT MY KNIFE INTO THAT END GRAIN WALL AND JUST SPLIT.

A SPLIT JUST LIKE YOU WERE DOING WITH THE FROE.

JUST EXACTLY LIKE WITH THE FROE.

I'M NOT EVEN CUTTING AT ALL.

I'M JUST SPLITTING.

YEAH.

THAT'S REALLY-- WELL, I ALWAYS TALK ABOUT WORKING WOOD WITH WEDGE AND EDGE, AND HERE YOU ARE, USING THE EDGE AND-- AND THERE, Y--YOU WERE USING THE WEDGE ACTION, THE LEVERAGE ACTION.

SURE.

YOU NEED BOTH.

YOU CAN HAVE A VERY SHARP EDGE AT 90 DEGREES, BUT THAT WON'T DO YOU MUCH GOOD.

HA HA HA!

WELL, THAT'S GREAT.

I LOVE, AGAIN, THE WAY THAT THE TREE IS A PARTNER WITH YOU, AND THEN LOOK AT YOUR DRAWKNIFE.

YOU HAVE THIS-- YOU'RE HOLDING THIS WITH THE BEVEL DOWNWARD, SO THIS IS THE FLAT SURFACE ON THIS ONE, AND THAT'S BECAUSE THE HANDLES ARE IN LINE, PRETTY MUCH, WITH-- WITH THE CUTTING EDGE HERE.

UH, IF THE HANDLE'S DROPPED AND YOU HAD A LITTLE BEVEL ON THE BACK, YOU MIGHT PUT THIS-- THIS FLAT-- GOOD GOSH, THAT'S SHARP-- UH, THIS LITTLE BEVEL UPWARDS, BUT HERE, YOU-- I'VE NOTICED YOU'RE WORKING THE WHOLE TIME WITH THE BEVEL DOWN.

BASICALLY, YOU WANT YOUR WRISTS STRAIGHT...

YES.

UH, AND SO WHATEVER THE HANDLE'S GONNA BE TO MAKE YOUR WRISTS STRAIGHT, YEAH.

UM, SOUNDS RIGHT.

YOU ARE THE FASTEST DRAWKNIFE IN THE WEST.

ALL RIGHT.

HEY, THAT WAS A TREE A MINUTE AGO.

SO I NEED TO DO A LITTLE WORK ON THIS SIDE YET, BUT MAYBE WE SHOULD JUMP AHEAD TO THE NEXT PIECE THAT I'VE GOT A LITTLE FURTHER ALONG.

YEAH.

LET'S SEE BECAUSE HE'S GOT A INTERESTING TECHNIQUE TO MAKE THAT HANDLE, HOW YOU DO THAT, UH, LITTLE SCOOP OUT RIGHT THERE YEAH.

AND, AGAIN, THINKING AHEAD TO THE BENDING, UH, YOU'VE GOT TO GET THIS-- SO THIS HAS A LITTLE BIT, UH-- THIS HAS BEEN TAKEN ANOTHER STEP FARTHER.

YEAH.

YEAH, AND SO I'VE MARKED OUT FOR THIS HANDHOLD RIGHT IN THERE, SO I'M GONNA LEAVE THE HANDHOLD THICK IN THE MIDDLE SO YOU HAVE SOMETHING TO HANG ON TO, BUT THEN WE'RE GONNA SCOOP OUT WHERE THE BEND HAPPENS SO THAT IT CAN BEND, UM, TO THAT CURVE, SO-- SO HERE'S THE PLACE IT'S GONNA BEND RIGHT HERE.

AGAIN, TRY AND MAKE IT EVEN.

UH, LET'S SEE YOU DO THAT.

SO YOU PUT YOUR KNIFE RIGHT ON WHEREVER YOU'RE STARTING.

HOLD YOUR KNIFE AT ABOUT A 45-DEGREE ANGLE THERE AND JUST SLICE AND SCOOP AS YOU GO DOWN TO THAT LINE.

BUT NOT BACK TOO FAR BECAUSE OTHERWISE, YOU'D SPLIT OUT THAT THICK PART RIGHT, YOU WANTED TO LEAVE.

AND THEN YOU HAVE A THINNER HANDLE.

HA HA HA!

BIG DEAL.

BIG DEAL.

IT'S JUST A FIREWOOD CARRIER, SO COME BACK THIS WAY, AND SO WHAT I'M DOING IS USING THE THICK AND THINNESS OF THE BACK TO DETERMINE WHERE I'VE BEEN WHERE THE BEND HAPPENS RATHER THAN A BENDING FORM, SO THE BENDING FORM I USE ON THIS DOES NOT DETERMINE THE SHAPE.

IT'S JUST THE THICKNESS AND THINNESS OF THE BACK THAT DOES IT, SO HAVING-- SO THAT TRANSITION, THAT MA-- THAT'S WHAT DOES THE CURVING RIGHT THERE.

RIGHT, AND THEN HAVING AN EVEN THICKNESS IN BETWEEN THOSE TRANSITIONS, ALSO.

UH, BUT EVEN'S IMPORTANT BECAUSE I KNOW STRESSES, UH, IN WOOD WILL-- OR ON ANYTHING MECHANICAL, THEY'LL BUILD UP AT THE THINNEST POINT WHERE THERE IS SHARP TRANSITION IN CROSS SECTION.

RIGHT, SO YOU WANT A NICE, GENTLE CURVE RATHER THAN A, UH, CORNER.

THAT'S GREAT, AND YOU GET TO SIT DOWN WHILE YOU'RE DOING THIS, TOO.

I THINK THAT--THAT'S PRETTY NIFTY, TOO, YEAH.

SO, AGAIN, I SEE THAT SIDEWAYS PULL, UH, THAT YOU'RE DOING.

YEAH, AND THAT GIVES YOU A LOT OF CONTROL.

IF YOUR MOMEM--MOMENTUM IS GOING LEFT TO RIGHT, YOU CAN STOP GOING FORWARD.

IF YOU'RE JUST JERKING FORWARD, YOU CAN'T STOP, AND YOU MIGHT FLY INTO SOMETHING YOU WANT TO KEEP THERE.

WELL, AND IT'S ALSO, GOING TO THE SIDE, YOU RUN OUT OF, UH, CUTTING EDGE, TOO, IF NOTHING ELSE... YEAH.

THAT'S RIGHT.

AS YOU'VE ONLY GOT-- YOU'VE GOT A 10-INCH, UM, UH, BLADE ON IT.

THAT'S GOOD.

THAT'S GOOD TO GO.

OK, AND THERE'S THE HANDLE PART YEAH.

RIGHT THERE.

WE MIGHT ROUND OVER THAT HANDLE A LITTLE BIT TO MAKE IT MORE COMFORTABLE TO-- TO HANG ON TO, BUT OTHER THAN THAT, I THINK WE NEED TO-- THAT'S IT.

WE'RE DONE SHAVING, SO WE NEED TO SAW THESE TWO ENDS APART SO WE CAN BEND THEM OH, OK.

RIGHT LIKE THAT.

SO THIS HAS--THIS HAS BEEN BENT APART.

YOU GOT TO RIP THAT DOWN.

ALL RIGHT, SO HERE WE GO.

LET'S FIND A SAW.

WE'RE GONNA LET-- LET HIM RIP.

HAVE YOU GOT YOUR SAW THERE?

THINK SO.

SO YOU NEED A RIP SAW.

AND I THINK I GOT ONE.

I GOT TO MOVE SOME OF THIS STUFF.

WE GOT A PILE OF STUFF HERE.

REMOVE OUR FORKS AND, UH, UH, HAY RAKES.

AND I JUST SIGHT DOWN THE PLANE OF THE SAW... MM-HMM.

AND MAKE SURE THAT I'VE GOT THE SAME AMOUNT OF WOOD ON EITHER SIDE OF THE BLADE, UH, SO I'M NOT ACTUALLY DRAWING ANY LINES ON THERE.

IT'S--I THINK IT'S MORE ACCURATE JUST TO SIGHT IT BECAUSE A LINE IS STILL OFF YOUR EYE, AND SO IF THE LINES AREN'T PERFECTLY RIGHT, THEN YOU'RE GONNA BE WRONG, AND I'M NOT ACTUALLY NECESSARILY GONNA SAW STRAIGHT BECAUSE THIS PIECE OF WOOD IS NOT NECESSARILY STRAIGHT, SO I'M MAYBE MAKING IT CURVE TO FOLLOW THE CURVE OF THE-- IN THE PIECE OF WOOD.

SO JUST--YOU JUST EYEBALL DOWN THE MIDDLE WITH THE RIP SAW, YEAH.

AND IF YOU'RE OFF A LITTLE BIT, I GUESS YOU COULD THIN THE THICKER SIDE AND MAKE IT EVEN IF YOU WANT TO.

OH, SURE.

YEAH.

YOU CAN BEND IT A LITTLE BIT.

JUST HOLD AND SEE WHICH ONE'S BENDING MORE AND THEN SHAVE THE ONE THAT'S NOT BENDING AS MUCH.

GREAT.

UH, AS YOU SAY, YOU'RE LEARNING WHERE YOU NEED PRECISION OF ONE KIND AND WHERE YOU, UH, DON'T.

AND THAT'S REALLY A GOOD LESSON FOR BEING A GOOD CRAFTSMAN, IS KNOWING WHEN TO SPEND THE TIME-- WHERE--WHERE PRECISION MATTERS AND WHERE IT DOESN'T, AND SO, FOR ME, I REALLY NEED TO CUT FIREWOOD AND HAUL IT, AND SO I'M TRYING TO GET THIS FIREWOOD CARRIER DONE, SO IT'S NOT--PRECISION IS NOT THE OBJECT HERE, SO WE NEED TO PUT THIS IN THE STEAM BOX, BUT BEFORE WE DO THAT, WE NEED TO WRAP THIS STRING AROUND IT.

ALL RIGHT.

THAT'S SOMETHING I CAN DO.

HOW MANY TURNS HERE?

OH, JUST ENOUGH, I MEAN, MAYBE TWO.

HA HA HA!

UH-- ALL RIGHT.

OOP, OOP, OOP.

LET ME GET THAT.

SO THAT-- THAT PREVENTS IT FROM, UH, SPLITTING THE PIECE INTO TWO PIECES RIGHT.

WHEN WE BEND IT.

RIGHT, SO THIS COULD ALSO BE A RIVET THROUGH HERE.

IS THAT RIGHT?

A RIVET WOULD BE GOOD.

YEAH.

OK. WE CAN TAKE A EDGE TOOL AND CUT THAT OFF, AND THEN... ALL RIGHT.

I THINK WE'RE READY TO BEND.

ALL RIGHT.

LET'S GO, SO THIS ONE'S GOOD.

IT'S BEEN RIPPED ON BOTH ENDS.

WE'RE GONNA PUT THIS NOW IN THE STEAM BOX.

LET'S TAKE-- TAKE A LOOK AT THAT.

UH, THIS IS--WE GOT, UH, ON THE STOVE A BIG POT OF WATER THERE CONNECTED TO A HOSE TO THE BOX HERE, WHICH IS, UH, INSULATED, AND IT'S GOT A PIECE IN THERE.

IT'S BEEN IN THERE ABOUT, WHAT, 20-- 20 OR 30 MINUTES, SOMETHING LIKE THAT, OK, TILL IT'S HOT.

UH, AND IT SHOULD BE HOT.

I'M GONNA--UH, IF YOU'LL HOLD THAT, I'LL GO AHEAD AND-- I'LL TELL YOU WHAT.

YOU TAKE THE ONE OUT.

HA HA HA!

HA HA HA!

SO YOU TAKE IT OUT.

WE'RE PROFESSIONALS AT THIS POINT.

THERE WE GO.

YEAH.

YOU TAKE IT OUT, AND I'LL GET THIS ONE IN... ALL RIGHT.

AND YOU'RE GONNA BEND THAT, I THINK.

SO THIS ONE'S READY TO GO IN FOR ANOTHER 20 MINUTES.

ISN'T REAL HOT, BUT WE'LL SEE WHAT HAPPENS HERE.

ALL RIGHT.

I JUST LIKE TO BEND IT AROUND MY KNEE.

WELL, THAT'S GOING PRETTY WELL.

OH, VERY GOOD.

LOOK AT THAT.

THAT'S A LITTLE BIT OF TEARING THERE, BUT IT'S JUST-- LOOK AT THAT.

YOU JUST BEND IT ON YOUR KNEE.

YEAH.

HOLY COW.

WHERE'S YOUR--WHERE'S YOUR EXPENSIVE JIGS AND STUFF?

YEAH.

I'LL BACK THAT UP ON HERE.

YEAH.

THAT'D BE GOOD.

IT'S-- ALL RIGHT, AND SO NOW...

PROBABLY COULD'VE BEEN IN A LITTLE BIT LONGER.

WE'RE GOING TO-- END IT RIGHT INTO THIS JIG, SO-- OK.

TURN AROUND THIS WAY.

THIS WAY.

LET ME GET THAT BECAUSE I WANT TO GET THIS END READY.

ALL RIGHT.

ALL RIGHT, SO COME IN.

I GOT TO BEND RIGHT HERE, WHOA!

AND THIS JIG IS INTENDED TO WORK THE SPREAD OF THE OUTER PART.

THERE YOU GO.

IT'S JUST A T-SHAPED SCRAP, UH, AN "I" SHAPE.

THERE WE GO.

HOO!

ALL RIGHT.

THAT'S QUITE A-- HA HA HA!

SO 20 MINUTES IN THERE, AND, AGAIN, WHITE OAK AND ALL THE GRAININESS CAPTURED, UH, IN THIS WHOLE PIECE FROM DOWN, UH, TO THE BOTTOM ALL THE WAY UP TO THE HANDLE, UH, TO CARRY, AND WE DID HAVE A LITTLE BIT OF BUST-OUT UP HERE, BUT YOU CAN JUST SHAVE THAT OFF, AND THIS IS READY TO GO.

SHAVE IT OFF AND GO ABOUT YOUR LIFE, SO-- NOW, HOW LONG DOES IT NEED TO STAY IN HERE?

WELL, TILL IT'S DRY, UH, SO IT COULD BE A WEEK.

IT COULD BE A MONTH, JUST TILL THE THING FALLS OUT OF THE FORM IS FINE.

UH, PUT IT UP NEAR YOUR WOOD STOVE OR...

IT'S BEAUTIFUL.

IN A KILN OR WHATEVER YOU GOT.

I LOVE THE FLOW OF THE GRAIN.

IT'S JUST WONDERFUL IN THIS PIECE.

IT'S GREAT.

OK, SO I'M GONNA PUT THIS ASIDE.

LET'S GO AHEAD AND DO THE BOTTOM.

IN FACT, LET'S LOOK AT THE-- WHAT THE BOTTOM LOOKS LIKE.

YEAH.

YEAH, SO IT'S--IT'S JUST A SQUARE THAT'S PUT TOGETHER WITH THESE ROUND MORTISE AND TENON JOINTS... MM.

HEH HEH HEH.

SO WE--YOU KNOW, YOU SHAVE THEM JUST LIKE WE DID THE BACK, AND THEN WE NEED TO START CUTTING JOINTS NOW, I THINK.

I'VE GOT AS FEW THAT ARE ALREADY CUT... ALL RIGHT.

UH, WITH A FEW JOINTS IN THEM, BUT WE NEED TO MAKE A ROUND, UM, MORTISE AND TENON JOINT ON THIS END... OH, OK.

SO I ALREADY BORED THAT END, AND WE'RE JUST GONNA LINE IT UP THERE.

SO THOSE ARE BORED.

OH, OK, SO HOW DID YOU KNOW WHAT DISTANCE TO MAKE THAT?

OH, I JUST PUT THE BIT UP THERE.

I'LL SHOW YOU.

HA HA!

OK. HEH.

IT DOESN'T MUCH MATTER JUST AS LONG AS BOTH ARE THE SAME.

OTHERWISE, YOU MIGHT END UP WITH A TRAPEZOID.

SO YOU'RE LINING THOSE UP HERE.

YEP, SO-- OK. AND THEN WE'LL TAKE A 5/8 BIT HERE.

I'M GONNA HANG ON TO THIS BECAUSE I KNOW-- YEAH.

PUT YOUR--PUT YOUR FINGER RIGHT THERE.

YEAH.

NO.

I'M NOT.

THAT WOULD NOT BE BORING.

UH, THAT WOULD BE EXCITING.

NO PUN INTENDED.

YEAH.

ALL RIGHT.

WOW, INDEED.

UH, SO I'M HOLDING THESE BECAUSE THIS VISE, UH, SLIPS A LITTLE BIT, BUT, AGAIN, UH, THIS IS DRY RED OAK HERE YOU'RE USING, BUT, AGAIN, IT COULD BE ANYTHING, COULD BE HALF-SECTIONS.

RIGHT.

GOT A L--ALL RIGHT, AND THERE IT IS COMING OUT ON-- IS IT COMING OUT?

YEAH, COMING OUT ON THE OTHER END.

OK, WELL, I DON'T THINK I CARE.

LET'S JUST GO ON THROUGH.

ALL RIGHT.

HA HA HA!

THAT'S A WAY TO DO IT.

THERE.

OK, SO WE GOT A HOLE ALL THE WAY THROUGH THIS PIECE.

ALL RIGHT.

IF YOU DON'T WANT THE BLOW-OUT, YOU CAN COME BACK FROM THE OTHER SIDE ONCE THE LEAD COMES THROUGH, SO NOW I'VE GOT THE HOLES FOR THE STRETCHERS... WE'VE GOT TWO HOLES THROUGH THERE.

YEAH.

YEAH, AND SO NOW WE NEED TO BORE THESE HOLES THAT THE-- THE LOOP COMES INTO, THE THING WE JUST BENT THAT GOES INTO, UH, AND SO WHERE IS OUR LOOP?

HERE IT IS, OH, OK. UM, SO-- SO THIS IS ONE THAT'S FINISHED.

YEAH.

YEAH, SO THESE ARE AIR-DRIED PARTS DOWN HERE.

THIS IS A AIR-DRIED BACK, AND SO WE JUST WANT TO SCRIBE THAT ANGLE ONTO THERE WITH OUR TRUSTY NAIL, SO THAT'S GOOD.

THAT'S ALL YOU DO.

THAT'S ALL YOU DO.

ALL RIGHT.

YOU'VE ALREADY GOT THIS SIDE READY, SO THIS ONE'S READY TO BORE, YEAH.

SO ESSENTIALLY, HE-- HE'S JUST TRANSFERRED THE ANGLES OF THIS SPLAY ONTO THE SURFACE THERE WITH A NAIL, ALL RIGHT.

AND, GOSH, YOU ARE-- THIS IS DANGEROUS.

HA HA HA!

HA HA HA!

LOOK OUT.

WELL, THAT'S GREAT.

UH, UH, AGAIN, UH, THAT MAKING PITCHFORKS AND LEARNING THE STRENGTH OF THE WOOD IN THE RAKES AND NOW THIS FIREWOOD CARRIER.

THEY'RE ALL JUST GREAT WAYS TO LEARN, UH, HOW TO MAKE A CHAIR THAT WON'T BUST UP WHEN YOU SIT ON IT RIGHT.

AND THAT'LL STAY TOGETHER, UH, AND-- UH, YOU GOT IT?

YEAH.

I GOT IT, DON'T SEE MY LINES.

OH, I S--I SEE IT RIGHT THERE.

YEAH.

YEP.

THAT'S THE LINE YOU SCRATCHED WITH THE-- THE NAIL THERE.

YEP, AND MAKE SURE YOU GET THIS ANGLE DEAD PERFECT, OR IT WON'T GO TOGETHER NOW.

YOU KNOW, YOU GOT TO HAVE ALL KINDS OF-- ALL THESE ERR--THE ERR-- NOT THEIR ERRORS, BUT THE, UH, UM--IT-- IT HELPS IT HOLD TOGETHER, ACTUALLY, THIS KIND OF COCKEYED, LITTLE BIT, YOU KNOW, BECAUSE IF EVERYTHING WERE LINED UP JUST RIGHT-- RIGHT.

WHOLE THING WOULD FALL APART.

THAT'S RIGHT.

MAYBE THAT'S THE WAY LIFE IS, I THINK.

YOU NEED A LITTLE MISALIGNMENT.

ON THESE JOINTS UNDER HERE, I LIKE TO HAVE-- I'VE GOT A LITTLE SAMPLE HERE, UM, SO I LIKE TO FLARE THE MORTISE JUST A LITTLE BIT ON THE UNDERSIDE SO THAT WHEN YOU DRIVE A WEDGE IN, IT--THE--IT FILLS THAT GAP AND KEEPS THE--THIS PART FROM PULLING OUT.

SO THE--WE BORED A CYLINDRICAL HOLE.

NOW IT NEEDS TO BE OVALIZED A BIT ON THE-- ON THE UNDERSIDE.

ALL RIGHT.

YEAH.

THIS IS ACTUALLY THE SAME JOINT THAT I DO ON THE CENTER SPINDLE ON A CHAIR TO KEEP THE BACK FROM PULLING UP, HUH.

SO WE CAN TAKE A-- I SEE YOUR BIG, BIG RAT TAIL FILE, YEAH.

A RASP, I GUESS.

BOY, THAT'S A CUTTING THING.

NOW, WHY DO YOU DO IT OVAL?

YOU'RE DOING THIS WAY AND THIS WAY.

RIGHT, SO THE WEDGE IS GONNA GO IN THERE LIKE THAT, AND SO IT'LL ONLY FILL THAT HOLE IN THAT PLANE.

PUSH IT IN THAT DIRECTION, OK, INSTEAD OF-- BECAUSE IF WE WENT THIS WAY, IT WOULD SPLIT THIS OPEN.

IT'S THE PLANE OF WEAKNESS.

OK, YEAH.

YEAH.

SO THAT'S ALL-- ALL IMPORTANT IN THE BUILDING A FIREWOOD CARRIER.

YOU MESS UP, YOU LEARN A LESSON THAT--THAT YOU CAN APPLY TO YOUR CHAIRS LATER ON.

AND THIS ONE, TOO, ALL RIGHT.

AND THEN WE GOT THOSE JOINTS READY.

WE SHOULD TALK ABOUT, UM, CUTTING THE TENONS ON OUR CROSSPIECES... AH, OK.

SO THIS IS A CROSSPIECE HERE.

NOW, THAT'S ALREADY SHAVED DOWN, SO YOU CAN JUST SIZE THAT SOMEHOW, THAT WOULD--THAT WOULD WORK.

YEP.

YEAH, SO-- I SAW YOU HAD-- UH, BECAUSE, AGAIN, WITH THE WOODEN RAKES, UH, YOU--TO MAKE THE TINES, YOU USE, UH, AN IRON PLATE WITH A LITTLE BIT OF A HOLE BORED THROUGH IT TO--TO SIZE IT, AND THAT'S WHAT YOU'VE GOT RIGHT HERE.

BACK-BORE THE HOLE A LITTLE BIT SO THAT IT DOESN'T, UM, TEAR AND, UH, DOUBLE-CUT THAT TENON.

LITTLE BIT UNDERCUT THERE.

ALL RIGHT, AND THEN DRIVE THAT IN.

YEAH, SO YOU GOT TO GET IT CLOSE WITH THE DRAWKNIFE, BUT THEN ONCE YOU'VE DONE THAT, JUST LINE IT UP THERE.

I'VE GOT A LITTLE BEVEL ON THE END... [POUNDING] AND ALL WE NEED TO DO IS DRIVE IT DOWN AN INCH OR SO UH-HUH.

AND THEN DRIVE IT RIGHT BACK OUT AGAIN.

SEE IF WE CAN GET A DRIFT OF SOME SORT.

ALL RIGHT.

DROP IT ON THE FLOOR.

YEAH, AND LOOK AT THAT.

YEAH.

THAT IS SIZED JUST RIGHT.

ALL RIGHT, SO NOW THAT-- THAT WILL GO INTO RE.

UH, LET ME SEE THAT, YEAH, BECAUSE THIS IS GONNA GO IN HERE.

WHAT ABOUT THE, UH, SMALLER ONE?

UH, IF YOU HAD TO ROUND THIS ONE, WOULD YOU DO THE SAME THING?

YEAH.

I WOULD DO THE SAME THING, UH, OR YOU COULD-- IT'S KIND OF HARD TO DRIVE THAT, SO I HAVE TENON CUTTER HERE.

THIS IS A TENON CUTTER THAT I USE, UH, ON MY CHAIRS FOR THE SPINDLES.

I LIKE THIS.

IT'S LIKE AN ENDLESS PENCIL SHARPENER.

HA HA!

YEP.

YEAH.

YEAH, BUT IT NEVER CUTS TO A SHARP POINT.

YEAH.

IT'S GREAT THERE, SO, AGAIN, YOU MAKE THESE, AND, UH, THESE ARE USED A LOT IN YOUR CHAIR BUILDING, DIFF--DIFFERENT SIZES.

YEAH.

I'VE GOT ALL KINDS OF DIFFERENT SIZES, AND YOU JUST KIND OF-- YOU GOT THAT ON THERE, AND THAT--THAT CUTTER IS NOW-- IT'S JUST LIKE A PENCIL SHARPENER.

YOU GO UNTIL THE END STICKS OUT, AND YOU'RE SIZED DOWN.

THERE YOU GO, THAT'S IT.

EASY SQUEEZY.

ALL RIGHT.

SAY, HOW MANY MORE?

UH, YOU DO ANOTHER ONE OF THESE HERE?

YEAH.

LET'S TRY THAT AGAIN.

YEAH.

YEAH.

IF YOU WOULD, DO THE DR-- THAT'S WHAT I WANTED TO SEE BECAUSE YOU HAVE A SUICIDAL DRAWKNIFE, UH, TECHNIQUE THAT YOU LIKE TO USE.

THIS IS THE CURE FOR PINOCCHIO RIGHT HERE.

HA HA HA!

IT'S-- UH, DON'T TRY THIS AT HOME.

HA HA HA!

THIS WOULD PROBABLY BE SAFER ON A SHAVING HORSE, BUT-- WELL, THAT'S IT.

YOU'VE GOT TO JUST, UH, BRING THESE THINGS DOWN, UH, TO WHERE THAT CUTTER'S GONNA FIT ON THERE.

I DON'T KNOW HOW YOU DO THIS, BUT-- YEAH.

RIGHT LIKE THAT.

THERE YOU GO.

ALL RIGHT.

WHEN YOU'RE DEALING WITH THIS SPINDLY THING OUT IN SPACE, YOU REALLY CAN'T DO THIS UNTIL IT'S DRY, RIGHT.

AND SO IT IS IN THIS SHAPE, UH, WHEN YOU'RE DONE, SO LET'S TRY THAT, UH, SHARPENER AGAIN THERE, SEE HOW THAT GOES.

MIGHT NOT BE QUITE SMALL ENOUGH.

WELL, WE'LL GET IT.

PUSH--PUSH HARDER.

PUSH HARDER.

GET A BIGGER HAMMER.

SO THIS ONE DOES CYLINDRICAL, BUT YOU HAVE THESE THAT WILL DO TAPERED, UH, AS WELL.

YEAH, AND ON CHAIRS, THERE'S BOTH.

HERE, THERE'S NO REASON TO REAM ANY JOINTS, ALL RIGHT.

BUT THAT WORKS.

YOU MIGHT NEED TO DO THESE OVER HERE, TOO.

WELL, LET'S SEE.

CAN WE JUST PUT THIS GUY ON HERE?

LET'S SEE HOW THAT GOES.

WILL THAT FIT?

I THINK SO.

LET ME PUT THIS BACK UP AGAIN AND FIND A WHAMMERDOODLE.

ALL RIGHT, SO THAT'S GONNA-- THAT'LL GO RIGHT DOWN THERE.

AND HOLD IT-- OH, THERE WE GO.

OK. ALL RIGHT.

NOW, TO KEEP IT-- THIS IS WHERE ALL THE LOAD IS.

THAT WANTS TO WITHDRAW THROUGH THERE.

HOW DO YOU KEEP THAT, AGAIN, FROM-- OH, THIS IS THE ONE YOU MADE OVAL.

OK. YEAH.

YEAH, SO THIS IS-- ALL RIGHT, SO THAT'S GONNA GET A WEDGE.

THAT'S GONNA GET A WEDGE.

FIRST, WE NEED A SPOT FOR THE WEDGE TO GO, SO WE CAN JUST TAKE A CHISEL HERE MM-HMM.

AND DRIVE IT IN THERE.

THAT'LL WORK, AND THEN JUST A TAD BIT OF GLUE... GOT YOUR LITTLE POT OF GLUE HERE.

AND YOU CAN GLUE THOSE TENONS, TOO, IF YOU'RE SORT OF WANT THIS THING TO LAST.

YOU'RE JUST GONNA GLUE THE WEDGE, THOUGH.

YEAH, AND I JUST PUT GLUE ON ONE SIDE OF THE WEDGE SO IF THE JOINT EVER SHRINKS, IT COMES AWAY FROM THE WEDGE, AND NOT FROM THE MORTISE, AND THEN JUST DRIVE IT ON IN THERE, AND YOU'LL SEE THAT TENON SWELLING INTO THOSE VOIDS THAT I CREATED WITH THE FILE, YEAH, LOCKING THAT TOGETHER.

AND THAT'S WHAT WE'RE GONNA DO ON THE BOTTOM SIDE, SO ALL RIGHT.

I'VE GOT ONE HERE.

NOW YOU HOLD THIS NOW, AND I'M GONNA LOAD IT UP, UH, WITH FIREWOOD.

WAIT A MINUTE.

I DON'T KNOW IF I LIKE THIS.

YOU'RE PUTTING ME-- THE LESSON, WHICH IS-- ROY!

NO, NO, NO.

SO THANK YOU.

THAT'S ENOUGH.

THANK YOU, CHAIR MAKER ELIA BIZZARRI, UH, FOR SHARING YOUR FIREWOOD CARRIER WITH US.

UH, IT WAS A GREAT THING, AND I APPRECIATE IT SO MUCH.

MY PLEASURE.

THANKS FOR HAVING ME.

ALL RIGHT, AND THANK YOU FOR JOINING US.

THIS IS ROY UNDERHILL IN THE WOODWRIGHT'S SHOP WITH ELIA BIZZARRI, AND MAY THE GRAIN BE WITH YOU ALWAYS.

SO LONG.

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DIFFERENT ANNOUNCER: ROY UNDERHILL IS THE AUTHOR OF "THE WOODWRIGHT'S GUIDE: WORKING WOOD WITH EDGE AND WEDGE" AS WELL AS OTHER BOOKS ON TRADITIONAL WOODWORKING, ALL PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA PRESS AND AVAILABLE IN BOOKSTORES AND LIBRARIES.